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Ever since the first person wrote out 5318008 on a calculator, nerds have been hiding secret numbers inside of your PC, and using them to negotiate secret handshakes between applications and files. Today we take a quick look at some of the more entertaining examples.

Most programming languages use a 32-bit integer type to represent certain types of data behind the scenes — internally the number is stored in RAM or used by the CPU as 32 ones and zeros, but in the source code it would be written out in either regular decimal format, or as hexadecimal format, which uses the numbers 0 through 9 and the letters A through F.

When the operating system or an application wants to determine the type of a file, it can look to the beginning of the file for a special marker that signifies the type of the file. For instance, a PDF file might start with the hex value 0x255044462D312E33, which equals “%PDF-1.3” in ASCII format, or a ZIP file starts with 0x504B, which equals “PK”, which descends from the original PKZip utility. By looking at this “signature, ” a file type can be easily identified even without any other metadata.

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The Linux utility “file” can be used from the terminal to determine the type of a file — in fact, it reads the magic numbers from a file called “magic.”

When an application wants to call a function, it can pass values to that function using standard types like integer, which can be expressed in the source code in hexadecimal format. This is especially true for constants, which are identifiers defined with human-readable names like AUTOSAVE_INTERVAL, but they map to actual integer (or other type) values. So instead of a programmer typing out a value like 60 every time they call the function in the source code, they could use the AUTOSAVE_INTERVAL constant for better readability. (Constants are usually easily recognized because they are written in all capital letters).

All of these examples can fall under the term Magic Numbers, because they might require a specific hexadecimal number in order for a function or file type to work properly… if the value isn’t correct it won’t work. And when a programmer wants to have a little fun, they might define these values using hexadecimal numbers that spell out something in English, otherwise known as hexspeak.

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If you take a quick look into the Linux source code, you’ll see that the _reboot() system call on Linux requires a “magic” variable to be passed that equals the hexadecimal number 0xfee1dead. If something tried to call that function without passing in that magic value first, it would just return an error.

The GUID (globally unique identifier) for a BIOS boot partition in the GPT partitioning scheme is 21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649, which forms the ASCII string “Hah!IdontNeedEFI”, an allusion to the fact that GPT would normally be used in computers that replaced BIOS with UEFI, but it doesn’t necessarily have to be.

Microsoft famously hid 0x0B00B135 in their Hyper-V virtual-machine supporting source code submitted to Linux, then they changed the value to 0xB16B00B5, and finally they switched it to decimal before it was removed from the source code altogether.

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These aren’t the only ones out there, of course, but just a short list of examples that seemed fun. Know of any more? Tell us in the comments.

You can see more examples by opening up a hex editor and then opening up any number of file types. There are plenty of freeware hex editors available for Windows, OS X, or Linux — just make sure you are careful when installing freeware to not get infected with crapware or spyware.

How-To Geek is where you turn when you want experts to explain technology. Since we launched in 2006, our articles have been read billions of times. Want to know more?If you take your time exploring the game world where Forspoken takes place, you might encounter some hidden surprises. In fact, there are four secret bosses known as Abominations, these are the toughest enemies in the game, and on this page, we go over how to find them and the loot they drop.

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While all Abomination encounters will be different, there are some general tips you can follow to make the task easier. For example, you should:

There are four in total, one in each of Athia's four territories. Because these enemies are one of the toughest in the game, we recommend you finish the main storyline and get a good grip on your powers before trying to find all Abominations. Nevertheless, here's how to find them.

Gigas is in Praenost, in an area known as Mount Garrison. To get there, you'll first need to get to Pioneer's Plain (which is the area where the Preaneost Castle is). The easiest way there is to fast travel to the Praenost Castle Town Refuge, which you most like have visited by now if you have completed the main storyline.

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From the refuge, go to the left, where you'll find a gate you can use to exit the area. Go through there and then scan the belfry right ahead of you to get a better sense of what points of interest are in the area.

Once you get there, approach the monster and hit it with Olas Magic, which is the only type of magic Gigas is weak to. You will automatically unlock Olas Magic by completing chapter 11 of the main storyline.

After defeating Gigas, you'll get a new Nail Des called Fatale. With this des, you'll have an easier time knocking enemies to the ground based on the number of spells you've learned.

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The next Abomination is in Avoalet in an area known as The Mouldering. To get there, go first to the Samun Coast. The easiest way there is to fast travel to the Samun Coast: Western Refuge.

From there, go to the left side of the lake, where you'll find a wall you can climb using Zip on the yellow rocks.

Once you're on top of the mountain, drop to the lake again and cross it over using the glide spell to get to the point shown below.

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You're getting closer to Deinosuchus' location. You can see exactly where this enemy is on the map below. As you can see, you can't go in a straight line. Instead, you must go left to travel up the hill and then go back down to get to Deinosuchus.

Once you get there, use Frey's magic to deal with the monster. This fight will take place on the water, so you better use glide a lot to move around and avoid incoming attacks.

Once Deinosuchus is defeated, you'll get a Nail Des called Spectrum. With this one, your chances of landing a critical hit will increase based on the number of spells Frey has learned.

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The easiest way there is to fast travel to the Visoria Castle Town Refuge and exit the area through the gate shown below.

When you get to the big gap, just go to the right towards Homestead Hills. There, go to the Homestead Hills Belfry and activate your 3D map. You'll notice that you can easily cross the gap just by moving forward through this path.

After getting to the other side, just keep going right until you reach the South Plateau Refuge. From there, is just an easy way up following the stream shown below (it's the one near the cave).

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At the end of the stream, you'll get to The Boneyard, the area where Amphicynodon is. When you get there, use Sila's Magic to deal with this dragon-like creature.

After defeating Amphicynodon, you'll get a Nail Des called Honor. This piece of gear increases the damage Prav spells deal based on the number of Prav spells learned.

The last monster is in Junoon, in an area called Nowhere. To get there, go to an area in Junoon known as The Wolfwoods; from there, look for Depth of the Corruption: Junoon and enter the portal.

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In this new area, move forward until you get to the Crosstide Coast Refuge, then go to the right, using glide to move across the lake.

You will be in an area called Nearcoast Terrace. There you want to climb one of the two pillars shown below and then use the teleport spell you get at the end of the game to get across to the ledge in front of you. There, use the spell one more time to get across the big gap.

You will need to climb your way through, so look for yellow rocks and mountain edges you can use Zip on. A good tip is to use Zip on flying enemies to get across areas. There's a breakstorm in this area, so don't try to deal with all the enemies and instead focus on moving up as quickly as you can.

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Another tip is to use Toranas (aka the teleportation spell) to move to ledges that are further away from you. Finally, if you have no idea where to move next, look up, chances are the next ledge is right above you.

At the end of Farcoast Terrace, you will finally find Nowhere and if you keep going forward you'll reach